Understanding and Managing Multi-Site Commercial Building Performance and Energy Use with Monthly Utility Billing Data

Understanding and Managing Multi-Site Commercial Building Performance and Energy Use with Monthly Utility Billing Data

Dale T. Rossi

Field Diagnostics works with multi-site facility managers to assess energy use in their buildings.  A question that is commonly asked is “how can we know which of our facilities have an energy savings opportunity and for those that do, how big is the opportunity and what actionable suggestions can you give to achieve cost effective savings?”  The perceived problem is that getting that answer seems hard.

There are two reasons for this. One reason is that building management system (BMS/EMS) data is sometimes hard to access and when it is available the volume of the data may seem overwhelming and getting meaning from it seems complex.  The other reason is that collecting information about each facility with site audits or from field reports is expensive and it feels like that that kind of data isn’t always consistent and reliable because it comes from different people in different places at different times.

Field Diagnostics has developed an approach to providing answers to these question using easily available, objective and low cost/no cost data sources.  All that is required is the size to each facility, the information on the electric bill and weather data available from The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).  The answers that are derived from this include: Please Press "Read More"

Maintaining commercial HVAC economizers – Part 1

Introduction

Economizers bring in outside air for ventilation and for free cooling.  However outside air may be too warm or too humid to offer free cooling or very cold.  Additional outside air that must be conditioned increases the cooling and/or heating load on the building.  Economizers that are properly designed, maintained and set can save significant amounts of energy. However economizers that are not functional, leaking, have sensors out of calibration or miss-set can have large energy penalties.  Maintaining economizers is critical to their function and to their impact on energy use.

This document sets out some basic information about commercial HVAC air-side economizers as well as an expanded maintenance checklist.  See: Maintaining commercial HVAC economizers – Part 2 for specific step-by-step economizer performance testing designed to be compatible with price sensitive commercial maintenance contracts. Please Press "Read More"

Maintaining commercial HVAC economizers – Part 2

Introduction

Economizers bring in outside air for ventilation and for free cooling.  However outside air may be too warm or too humid to offer free cooling or very cold.  Additional outside air that must be conditioned increases the cooling and/or heating load on the building.  Economizers that are properly designed, maintained and set can save significant amounts of energy. However economizers that are not functional, leaking, have sensors out of calibration or miss-set can have large energy penalties.  Maintaining economizers is critical to their function and to their impact on energy use.

This document sets out some specific step-by-step economizer performance testing designed to be compatible with price sensitive commercial maintenance contracts.  See: Maintaining commercial HVAC economizers – Part 1 for basic information about commercial HVAC air-side economizers as well as an expanded maintenance checklist.

Minimal visual inspection tasks (common to all economizers)

1.      Visually inspect the integrity and conditions of economizer components and wiring.

a.       Inspect wiring and wiring connections including the main economizer connection is plugged in, all wires connected to sensors, actuators and controllers

b.      Inspect components for excess corrosion, wear, and mechanical problems such as linkages and economizer hardware.

c.       Check eyebrow / economizer hood and filter assembly for proper sealing, and inspect integrity of moisture screen (bird Screen)

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Implementation of Fault Detection and Diagnostic Technology - In-field Diagnostics

Fault detection and diagnostics technology has the potential to make a positive impact on the cost of operating buildings. That is, to lower utility bills, service and maintenance costs and extend equipment life.  Buildings use a significant amount of the energy used in the United States and around the world, and heating, cooling and lighting buildings consume most of the power used in buildings.  The roles fault detection and diagnostics play includes finding, analyzing, documenting, and communicating the existence of a fault, degradation or operational anomaly. 

Implementation of Fault Detection and Diagnostic Technology

In-field Diagnostics

Common initial approach

When applying diagnostic tools in the field, there are two approaches customers commonly choose in non-incentivized environments.  One is to authorize a pilot program; often five to ten locations chosen based on some criteria related to energy cost or perceived chronic reliability problems.  A second common approach is to add the diagnostic capability to a regularly scheduled visit, usually a maintenance inspection.  These attempts at implementing diagnostics have the objective of gathering data, assessing opportunities, effectively addressing issues and reporting achieved benefits. Please Press "Read More"

Purdue CHPB / NIST / NBI / CEC study validates that Field Diagnostics’ Service Assistant HVAC Diagnostic Protocol is an effective and practical method for evaluating refrigeration cycle faults

A recently released report (HL 2014-8, Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University) that describes work funded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the New Buildings Institute (NBI) and the California Energy Commission (CEC) found that the performance of the diagnostic protocol embedded in Field Diagnostics’ Service Assistant tool with SA Mobile software, which has been available commercially since 1999, was markedly superior to some other publically available protocols that were evaluated.

The investigation into the effectiveness of various HVAC refrigeration cycle Fault Detection and Diagnostic methods was conducted by Dr. David Yuill and Dr. James E. Braun at the Center for High Performance Buildings (CHPB) located within the Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University (www.engineering.purdue.edu/CHPB). This study looked at not only the accuracy of the fault detections, but at the “value” of following the tool’s advice. The study compared factors such as cost of detection, sensitivity of detection, number of false alarms, and the costs and benefits of addressing the faults that are reported.

The Purdue team’s innovative evaluator of diagnostic algorithms was used to estimate the value of eight products as well as two hypothetical detectors—one “Correct” detector which reports all the faults present, without consideration of the value of addressing them, and another “Ideal” detector that only reports faults that would be cost effective to address.

One of the conclusions of their study was that none of the protocols tested could provide all the value that the “ideal” detector provided: the SA protocol in fact provided only about a half of this value. However, the study found that “the SA protocol provided significant benefit in all cases” and “the value of the SA protocol was computed to be greater than the value of the fictitious correct protocol”, which indiscriminately reports all faults. “The other protocols did not perform well, generally providing negative value for all cases (i.e. imposing a net cost as compared with the baseline

·         the “RCA method,” sometimes referred to as “the manufacturers’ method”, which is used extensively throughout the industry, particularly as the specified method to test charge levels in California’s current Title 24 – 2013 building energy code (CEC 2012), as well as in many utility incentive programs and by Home Energy Rating System (HERS) raters,

·         the “ADM protocol,” which was developed as part of an ASHRAE research project,

·         the “MPS protocol,” which combines elements of the ADM protocol and CA Title 24 requirements, and

·         the “TM protocol (abbreviation for Thermodynamic Metrics), which is a set of rules for typically measured metrics of performance in air-conditioners.

On the other hand, the Field Diagnostic’s protocol has been extensively tested over many years and the Purdue CHPB study validates that it is a very effective and practical method for evaluating refrigeration cycle faults.

For more information, contact: Todd M. Rossi, Ph.D., Field Diagnostic Services, Inc., rossi@fielddiagnostics.com, 215/558-5415

Yuill, D. and Braun, J.E., Development of Methodologies for Evaluating Performance of Fault Detection and Diagnostics Protocols applied to Unitary Air Conditioning Equipment, HL 2014-8, Ray W. Herrick Laboratories, Purdue University, December, 2014.

The Hot water- Chilled water Air handler

I wrote a handbook for my company when I was a commercial service contractor for about 20 years. Here is an excerpt from that handbook that will probably always be useful because it is about some basic engineering concept. Additions and corrections are welcome.

INTRODUCTION

In buildings supplied from central plants, one service responsibility is the air handler that is used to condition the space, the control system and the piping, usually to the main hot water and chilled water supply and return piping.

The air handler is a box with a fan and motor, supported on spring mounts, helping to isolate the vibration to within the machine, and not transmit it to the building structure.  The components in the box may include an economizer, filters, hot water, steam and/or chilled water coils, and a condensate pan and drain system.  Please Press "Read More"

A Facebook discussion page for those interested in refrigeration cycle fault detection and diagnostics

I have started a Facebook page for those interested in refrigeration cycle fault detection and diagnostics as well as quality HVAC maintenance.  It is a technical discussion about how to do things effectively in the field and why a given way to do something is effective.  Please consider joining the discussion.

https://www.facebook.com/groups/HVAC.FDD/

Applying diagnostics to HVAC units in the field

 Applying diagnostics to HVAC units in the field

There is a concept called “the three-legged stool” of refrigeration cycle performance.  What it means is that a unit that is running well balances three factors. These are efficiency, capacity and reliability. 

My experience is that people responsible for HVAC units primarily want reliability.  They bought the unit and are willing to spend money on energy to run it and will even pay to repair it when it is not working.  They generally will not think about efficiency until they have reliability.  They are not interested in any more capacity than they need to maintain comport.  Reliability is the important issue to most people responsible for air conditioners.

When an air conditioner is reliable, those responsible for them often would like them to be efficient.  Efficiency means how much capacity it is delivering for the energy it is using.  Air conditioners that are running poorly very often use about the same amount of energy as those that are running well, they just deliver less capacity. Therefore have to run longer to satisfy the set point and shut off.  The additional runtime uses more energy and reduces the unit’s total efficiency.  There are some refrigeration cycle faults and degradations that cause an air conditioner to use more energy while it’s running.  I have found that the units that are the most efficient tend to also be the most reliable.  My experience is that units that perform as similar as possible to the way they performed when they were new produce the best balance between efficiency, capacity and reliability.

The Diagnostic Method

The Diagnostic Method

This diagnostic method is a generally accepted diagnostic method used by the HVAC industry. Measuring temperatures and pressures and doing calculations and comparing the outcomes of the calculations to what are acceptable operating ranges is what makes the technician skilled in refrigeration cycle diagnosis.

What are acceptable operating ranges for the important performance indicators, evaporating temperature, superheat, subcooling and condensing temperature over ambient? There is a wide variation in the outcomes of the diagnostic methods used by skilled technicians because of differing opinions as to what is an acceptable operating range, what is the meaning of an indicator and what are the standard service procedures used by the company or the technician.  There are technologies available to help.  Selecting a technology that has been tested by an independent third party is important.

Metering Device and the Evaporator

Metering Device and the Evaporator

In previous installments we discussed some characteristics of the refrigerant and how it is converted into its liquid form.  The liquid refrigerant leaves the condenser and flows through a small pipe, called the liquid line, usually through a filter drier and on to the metering device and evaporator. This is where the system will absorb heat from the air passing over it, making the air cooler and drier. 

The compressor pumps refrigerant out of the evaporator, reducing the pressure in the evaporator.  When refrigerant is at a reduced pressure, its saturation temperature is lowered.  The metering device is a restriction to refrigerant flow.  This maintains a pressure difference between the relatively lower pressure evaporator and the relatively higher pressure liquid line.  As the refrigerant is exposed to the lower pressure in the evaporator, it expands and becomes a vapor at the low side saturation temperature, also known as the evaporating temperature. The refrigerant requires energy to evaporate and it gets that energy by taking it from the air passing over the evaporator.  This is what cools the air, and when the evaporating temperature is below the dew-point of the air going over the evaporator, it condenses the water vapor from the air and dries it out some.

The Condenser

The Condenser

Once the refrigerant leaves the compressor, it flows through the hot gas line into the top of the condenser. The condenser is an important part of the refrigeration cycle where heat is rejected from the refrigerant. Three things happen to the refrigerant in the condenser. First, its cooled to its saturation temperature, the condensing temperature. Second, the refrigerant vapor is converted into its liquid form. And then, the liquid refrigerant is cooled more.

In an air cooled, comfort cooling system, the condenser is also the repository for the varying amounts of liquid refrigerant on the high hide of the system. It plays the part of the receiver.

Before we can think about the condenser in detail we must think about the importance of heat transfer from the condenser. Ask yourself do you accept that any system that is running is rejecting all the heat it is absorbing? This means all the heat that is absorbed in the evaporator, in the suction line, cooling the compressor and the heat of compression must be rejected, mostly by the condenser.

           

Do you accept the idea that any unit that is running, is rejecting all the heat that it is absorbing?  And that any unit that can’t reject all the heat it’s absorbing will shut down? When I present this in some groups this is accepted without further discussion and in others this seems to be controversial. It is certainly true; there is no heat warehouse available to the refrigeration cycle. If you were to try to test the theory, you might cover the condenser or shut off the condenser fan and watch what happens.

Refrigerant and the Compressor

Refrigerant and the Compressor

Every day technicians put their gauges on air conditioners and measure the high and low side pressures. Why do they do that? We know that we need the pressure information to make decisions about how well the unit is running and if there is anything we need to do to help it run better.  But did you ever stop and think about why you measure those pressures, and exactly which pressures you are measuring?

There are only few reasons to care about the refrigerant pressures in the system. One is to estimate the saturation temperature of the refrigerant.  This is because most of the calculations we make to determine the operational state of the refrigeration cycle compares the saturation temperature to the pipe temperatures or the ambient temperature. We need to measure the high and low side pressures in order to know the saturation temperatures, however once we have that, the measurements, calculations and rules will be in temperature and the pressure information has little further use.  There is another slight complication, the high-side pressure we need is the liquid pressure.  Sometimes in package equipment there may not be a convenient liquid port and you will have to use discharge pressure.

Important- The liquid pressure and the discharge pressure are not the same.  There is a pressure drop across the condenser coil.  When you have discharge pressure, you have to estimate the condenser pressure drop to arrive at an approximation of liquid pressure.  This guess will add an error to the subcooling estimate.  That error may be small or it may be great but it will be there.  We will discuss this further when discussing the condenser.

Introduction

Welcome to my blog. 

My name is Dale Rossi.  I have worked as a technical person in the commercial HVAC service industry my entire career, something like 35 years at this point.  I am writing this blog for several reasons.

1. I remember when I first started working on air conditioners.  I knew almost nothing about the refrigeration cycle.  I remember trying to figure it out.  I remember working with fellow technicians and learning from them.  I now know that much of what I “learned” turned out to be wrong or partially true.  It took me about 15 years of working on commercial HVAC equipment to begin to understand.  I work with technicians still.  I see evidence every day that there are many technicians working under the same disadvantages I experienced. I would like to help.
2. There are several factors that I think allows me to be of help to my brothers and sisters in the HVAC service industry.  These include the fact that I spent a career working on commercial HVAC equipment and that I have been associated with my younger brother who has a PhD. In this subject.  I believe this allows me to be a bridge or a translator between the engineering world and the technician working on equipment every day.  I still learn new things all the time, but I am reasonably confidant that the knowledge I have gained will stand up to examination.
3. I think I have the skills to communicate this type of information effectively.  For the past couple of decades some of my work has been making documentation and developing training materials and delivering training to technicians.  I have been thinking about, and practicing, how to present these sometimes complex ideas to people who, like me, have very practical intelligence but may not have the benefit of an extensive educational background.

To sum up, I want to help; I think I know this subject and I think I know how to explain it. Because of this, I feel a responsibility to help.

There are many basic concepts that must be explained and then brought together to have a clear understanding of refrigeration cycle diagnosis. I will go through these in detail over the course of this blog.  I invite comments and questions at Dale.T.Rossi@gmail.com.

I would like to start however at the end.  Where is this all going?